std::deque::back

From cppreference.com

reference back();
const_reference back() const;

Returns reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container is undefined.

Contents

[edit] Parameters

(none)

[edit] Return value

reference to the last element

[edit] Complexity

Constant

[edit] Notes

For a container c, the expression return c.back(); is equivalent to { auto tmp = c.end(); --tmp; return *tmp; }

[edit] Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::deque<char>:

#include <deque>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::deque<char> letters {'o', 'm', 'g', 'w', 't', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is: " << letters.back() << '\n';
    }  
}

Output:

The last character is f

[edit] See also

access the first element
(public member function)